Street dogs, known in scientific literature as free-ranging urban dogs,[1][2] are unconfined dogs that live in cities. They live virtually everywhere where cities exist and the local human population allows, especially in the developing world. Street dogs may be stray dogs, pets which have strayed from or are abandoned by their owners, or may be feral animals that have never been owned.[3] Street dogs may be stray purebreds, true mixed-breed dogs, or unbred landraces such as the Indian pariah dog. Street dog overpopulation can cause problems for the societies in which they live, so campaigns to spay and neuter them are sometimes implemented. They tend to differ from rural free-ranging dogs in their skill sets, socialization, and ecological effects.
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Like wolves, to survive, street dogs need to avoid conflict with humans. However, dog bites and dog attacks can occur when dogs are trying to mate or fighting among themselves, and pedestrians and other humans in the vicinity may be bitten by fighting. Rabies is a major problem in some countries. India has more than 30 million stray dogs with more than 20,000 people dying of rabies every year.[4]
Some of the stray dogs in Bucharest are seen crossing the large streets at pedestrian crosswalks. The dogs have probably noticed that when humans cross streets at such markings, cars tend to stop.[6] The dogs have accustomed themselves to the flow of pedestrian and automobile traffic; they sit patiently with the people at the curb when they are stopped for a red light, and then cross with them as they have noticed how cars stop when a large number of people cross the road like that.[7]
Nowzad is an organisation in Afghanistan that works to rescue stray dogs in that country.[9] A group of stray dogs became famous in Afghanistan after confronting a suicide bomber, preventing fifty American soldiers from being killed.[10] However, one of the surviving dogs, Target, was mistakenly euthanized when she was brought to the United States.[11]
Due to the collapse of vulture populations in India, which formerly consumed large quantities of dead animal carcasses and terminated certain pathogens from the food chain,[12] India's urban street dog populations have exploded and become a health hazard.[13] Mumbai, for example, has over 12 million human residents, over half of whom are slum-dwellers. At least five hundred tons of garbage remain uncollected daily. Therefore, conditions are perfect for supporting a particularly large population of stray dogs.[14]
In 2001, a law passed in India making the killing of stray dogs illegal has exacerbated the problems related to street dogs, increasing the street dog population and causing rabies cases in humans to rise.[14][15] India has the highest number of human rabies deaths in the world (estimated at 20,000 per year).[14] "Catch and kill" programmes have been a traditional solution to overwhelming dog populations, but there are also programmes such as the Animal Birth Control-Anti-Rabies (ABC-AR) programme started by Blue Cross of India based in Chennai, India.[16] Several dog shelters throughout India emphasize the rescue of stray dogs, especially in South and North eastern parts of India.
In Pakistan, several dog breeds exist including the Gaddi Kutta, Indian pariah dog, Bully Kutta, among others.[17] In the city of Lahore, the Public Health Department launched a campaign to kill 5,000 stray dogs.[18] In 2009, 27,576 dogs were killed within the city of Lahore; in 2005, this number was 34,942.[19] In 2012, after 900 dogs were killed in the city of Multan, the Animal Safety Organisation in Pakistan sent a letter to Chief Minister (CM) Shahbaz Sharif recommending that "stray dogs be vaccinated rather than killed."[20]
In Romania, free-ranging urban dogs (called in Romanian câini maidanezi, literally "wasteland dogs", câini comunitari "community dogs", etc.) have been a huge problem in recent decades, especially in larger cities, with many people being bitten by dogs. The problem originates primarily in the systematization programme that took place in Communist Romania in the 1970s and 1980s under Nicolae Ceaușescu, who enacted a mass programme of demolition and reconstruction of existing villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to build standardized blocks of flats (blocuri). The dogs from the yards of the demolished houses were abandoned on the streets, and reproduced, multiplying their numbers throughout the years. Estimations for Bucharest vary widely, but the number of stray dogs has been reduced drastically in 2014,[22] after the death of a 4-year-old child in 2013 who was attacked by a dog. The Bucharest City Hall stated that over 51,200 stray dogs were captured from October 2013 to January 2015, with more than half being euthanized, about 23,000 being adopted, and 2,000 still residing in the municipality's shelters.[23]
Stray dogs are very common in Russia. They are found both in the countryside and in urban areas. In Russia, street dogs are accepted by the common people and are even fed by the local population, including in the capital city of Moscow.[24] However, capturing of stray dogs by doghunters' vans and being culled has been documented since around 1900. The number of street dogs in Moscow is estimated to be up to 50,000 animals. Their sad lot was dramatized by Anton Chekhov in the famous short story Kashtanka, by Mikhail Bulgakov in the novella Heart of a Dog, and by Gavriil Troyepolsky in the novel White Bim Black Ear. When the number of street dogs massively increased in the 1990s and in the beginning of the new millennium it came to many attacks on human, the dogs were captured and killed. In recent years the attitude and strategy towards street dogs has changed. The dogs are caught, sterilized and it is ensured that the dogs have enough to eat. The dogs keep the city free of food leftovers and rats. Since 2002 in Moscow there exists a monument dedicated to the stray dog called Malchik (Eng: "Little boy"). Stray dogs in Moscow have adapted their behavior to traffic and the life of Moscow. The dogs even ride the metro and understand the rules of traffic lights and are often called Moscow's metro dogs.[25][26][27][28][29]
Another reason for the increase in stray dog numbers is that it is easier to adopt a dog in Turkey than in many other nations. Even "dangerous breeds" could be homed before the "dangerous dogs" bill was passed at the beginning of 2022.[34] Still, this means the vetting process for dog ownership is not extensive. There is no real punishment for discarding dogs to streets. Istanbul, the most populous city of the country, is home to one of the highest concentrations of stray animals, with an estimated 400,000 to 600,000 dogs and cats roaming the streets.[35] In total, it is estimated that more than 10 millions of stray dogs live in Turkey and expected to rise up to 60 million in 10 years.[36]
Each year, approximately 2.7 million dogs and cats are euthanized because shelters are too full and there are not enough adoptive homes.In 2016, between 592,255 and 866,366 street dogs were euthanized in the US.[37]
In Puerto Rico, street dogs (and cats) are known as satos.[38] In the late 1990s it was estimated there were 50,000 street dogs in the U.S. territory.[39] By 2018 there were around 300,000 stray dogs in Puerto Rico.[40] Programs to address the problem have been launched by the Humane Society of Puerto Rico and others. In 2018, a non-profit organization called Sato Project launched its first "spayathon", a large-scale project to spay and neuter satos of Puerto Rico. Other initiatives include having mainland U.S. residents adopt the island dogs.[41]
Legislative Decree No. 281/1991 prohibits killing stray dogs and cats unless the animal is affected by an incurable disease or is a proven danger (Article 2(2), 2(9)), and this can be performed only by a veterinarian. This Decree also requires the registration of dogs (Article 3) and provides for local governments to carry out trap-neuter-return programmes for stray cats (Article 2(8)).
Art. 2The following rules apply inside the Archaeological Park.1. Itinerant peddling is prohibited.2. Throw rubbish only in the designated bins.3. Do not throw objects on counters, in tanks or fountains.4. Radios or other noisy devices cannot be played out loud.5. Do not get too close to or touch objects, frescoes, furniture etc.6. Do not damage or mark floors, walls, ancient furniture, frescoes, benches, statues, fountains, counters or other surfaces with pointed objects, felt-tip pens, pencils, paint or other materials.7. Do not eat outside the designated areas.8. It is forbidden to use professional optical and audio equipment (video cameras, microphones, audio mixers etc.). If you wish to take professional or commercial videos and pictures, you need formal permission from the Administration. Video and picture taking is allowed for personal use only.9. Big dogs are not allowed, even if they are kept on a leash and muzzled. Dogs which are permitted to enter the site must be kept on a leash and carried by their owners inside the buildings and you have an obligation to collect their dejections. Do not feed, introduce or abandon animals of any species. Please do not approach stray animals that may be present in the area.10. Unauthorised means of transport are not allowed. The same also applies to electrical ones.11. Bicycles, scooters and other means of transport are not allowed on the site.12. Do not wear clothes that could be considered potentially disruptive and/or walk bare-chested.13. Large backpacks, umbrellas, luggage or bags (cm 30x30x15) and other bulky items are not allowed and must be left at the cloakroom (the service is free of charge).14. Do not to speak out loudly, run or disturb the other visitors in any way.15. Do not smoke outside the designated areas.16. Do not pick fruits or flowers.17. Do not build fires, throw away lit cigarettes, adopt hazardous behaviours that could cause a fire.18. Do not dig holes.19. Do not climb walls or get on fountains, counters or any other ancient piece of furniture or facility.20. Do not enter areas enclosed by barriers or bollards; do not step over barriers, fences and bollards; do not open gates that are closed or slightly open; do not get close to the edges of the excavations.21. Ceremony clothes, masks or costumes are not permitted.22. Do not display flags and banners.23. use drones RPA (Remotely piloted aircraft) without proper authorization. For authorizations, please check the link: -park-of-pompeii/application-forms-for-use-of-images/24. Visitors with distinctive stickers (used by tour operators to identify groups) are not allowed on the site.. 2ff7e9595c
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